Curvature of curvesThis worksheet contains tools to create animated pictures of plane curves or space curves together with their Frenet coordinate system.Plane curvesTool to create animated pictures of plane curves together with their - tangent vector, - normal vector, - "acceleration vector" (second derivative)- osculating circle, - curvature function. LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Just place the cursor on the red word "restart" below and press enter.If you want to create a picture of your own curve you can change the definitions marked with "(can be modified)" below.restart:with(plots):with(plottools): place the cursor on the red word "restart" and press enter
To start the animations, right-click in the graphic and choose > Animation > Play .
Name:="Lissajous-Kurve": the name of the curve (can be modified to plot a different curve)
x(t):=cos(3*t): x-coordinate of the curve (can be modified to plot a different curve)
y(t):=sin(2*t): y-coordinate of the curve (can be modified to plot a different curve)
Length:=4.86*Pi: the (approximate) total length of the curve (can be modified to plot a longer curve)
n:=100: the number of frames of the animated motion (can be modified)
Note: it is not necessary to give the curve parametrized by arc length, that is, such that it evolves with constant velocity.
The algorithm below is trying to create frames of the motion which simulate movement with constant velocity
by increasing the parameter "t" in such steps that the steps of the arc length approximately equal "Length/n".
Since this is achieved only approximately, the specified value of "Length" will only be the approximate total length of the curve.
c(t):=<x(t),y(t)>: the curve as function in t with values in R^2
dx(t):=diff(x(t),t): dy(t):=diff(y(t),t): the derivatives with respect to "t"
dc(t):=<dx(t),dy(t)>: the tangent vector to the curve at time "t"
v(t):=simplify(sqrt(dx(t)^2+dy(t)^2)): the velocity; it is equal to the length of the tangent vector "dc(t)"
T(t):=simplify(dc(t)/v(t)): the tangent unit vector which is normalized to length 1
N(t):=simplify(<-dy(t),dx(t)>/v(t)): the normal unit vector
ddx(t):=diff(x(t),[t$2]): ddy(t):=diff(y(t),[t$2]): the second derivatives with respect to "t"
kappa(t):=simplify((dx(t)*ddy(t)-ddx(t)*dy(t))/v(t)^3): the curvature at time "t"
K(t):=simplify(kappa(t)*N(t)): the "acceleration vector" (the second derivative of the curve with respect to the arc length)
R(t):=1/kappa(t): M(t):=c(t)+R(t)*N(t): the radius and center of the osculating circle
The algorithm to plot "n" frames containing the curve, its various vectors, the osculating circle, and the curvature function:
t[-1]:=0: Deltat[-1]:=0: initial values
for i from 0 to n do creates the i-th frame
t[i]:=evalf(t[i-1]+Deltat[i-1]): increases the parameter "t" by step "Delta[i-1]"
RedCurve[i]:=plot([x(t),y(t),t=0..t[i]],thickness=5): plots the red curve in the i-th frame
Tangentvector[i]:=arrow(evalf(eval(c(t),t=t[i])),evalf(eval(T(t),t=t[i])),.1,.2,.1,colour=green): computes its tangent unit vector in the i-th frame
Normalvector[i]:=arrow(evalf(eval(c(t),t=t[i])),evalf(eval(N(t),t=t[i])),.1,.2,.1,colour=yellow): computes the normal unit vector in the i-th frame
Curvature[i]:=evalf(eval(kappa(t),t=t[i])): computes the curvature in the i-th frame
Curvaturefunction[i]:=display(plot(kappa(t),t=0..t[i],color=blue, thickness=2)): plots the curvature function in the i-th frame
Accelerationvector[i]:=arrow(evalf(eval(c(t),t=t[i])),evalf(eval(K(t),t=t[i])),.03,.1,.1,colour=blue): computes the "acceleration vector" in the i-th frame
Osculatingcircle[i]:=circle(convert(evalf(eval(M(t), t = t[i])), list),evalf(eval(R(t),t=t[i])),colour=black,thickness=0): plots the osculating circle in the i-th frame
CurveWithT[i]:=display((RedCurve[i],Tangentvector[i]), title=cat(Name," mit Tangentialvektor"),titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14]): plots the curve with tangent unit vector in the i-th frame
CurveWithTandN[i]:=display((RedCurve[i],Tangentvector[i],Normalvector[i]), title=cat(Name," mit Tangentialvektor (gr\303\274n) und Normalenvektor (gelb)"),titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14]): plots the curve with tangent unit vector and normal unit vector in the i-th frame
CurveWithTNandK[i]:=display((RedCurve[i],Tangentvector[i],Accelerationvector[i],Normalvector[i]), title=cat(Name," mit Tangentialvektor (gr\303\274n), Normalenvektor (gelb) und \134"Beschleunigungsvektor\134" (blau)"),titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14], view=[-2..2,-2..2],scaling=constrained): plots the curve with tangent unit vector, normal unit vector and acceleration vector in the i-th frame
CurveWithTNKandCircle[i]:=display((RedCurve[i],Tangentvector[i],Accelerationvector[i],Normalvector[i],Osculatingcircle[i]), title=cat(Name," mit Tangentialvektor (gr\303\274n), Normalenvektor (gelb), \134"Beschleunigungsvektor\134" (blau) und Kr\303\274mmungskreis"), titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14], view=[-2..2,-2..2],scaling=constrained): plots the curve with tangent unit vector, normal unit vector, acceleration vector, and osculating circle in the i-th frame
Deltat[i]:=evalf(eval(Length/(n*v(t)),t=t[i])): the increment of the parameter "t" such that the arc length approximately increases by "Length / n"
end do: Now all "n" frames are created.
BlackCurve:=plot([x(t),y(t),t=0..t[n]],thickness=1,color=black): plots the black curve in all frames
The frames are put together to movies:
display(seq(RedCurve[i],i=0..n),insequence=true,labels=[x,y],scaling=constrained, title=Name,titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14]); plots the curve evolving in time
display(seq(display(BlackCurve,CurveWithT[i]),i=0..n),insequence=true,labels=[x,y],scaling=constrained); plots the curve with tangent unit vector
display(seq(display(BlackCurve,CurveWithTandN[i]),i=0..n),insequence=true,labels=[x,y],scaling=constrained); plots the curve with tangent unit vector and normal unit vector
display(seq(display(BlackCurve,CurveWithTNandK[i]),i=0..n),insequence=true,labels=[x,y],scaling=constrained); plots the curve with tangent unit vector, normal unit vector and acceleration vector
display(seq(display(BlackCurve,CurveWithTNKandCircle[i]),i=0..n),insequence=true,labels=[x,y],scaling=constrained); plots the curve with tangent unit vector, normal unit vector, acceleration vector, and osculating circle
display(Array(1..2,1..1,[[display((seq(display((BlackCurve,CurveWithTNandK[i]),labels=[x,y],scaling=constrained,view=[-2..2,-2..2]),i=0..n)),insequence=true)],[display((seq(display(Curvaturefunction[i]),i=0..n)),insequence=true,labelfont=[TIMES,BOLD,14],labels=[" ",Kr\303\274mmung])]])); plots the curve with tangent unit vector, normal unit vector and acceleration vector, and in a separate box the graph of the curvature functionLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Space curvesTool to create animated pictures of space curves together with their - tangent vector, - normal vector, - binormal vector, - curvature function, and- torsion function.Just place the cursor on the red word "restart" and press enter.If you want to create a picture of your own curve you can change the definitions marked with "(can be modified)" below.restart:with(plots):with(plottools):with(LinearAlgebra): place the cursor on the red word "restart" and press enter
To start the animations, right-click in the graphic and chose > Animation > Play .
Name:="Torus-Knoten": the name of the curve (can be modified to plot a different curve)
x(t):=1/6*(cos(3*t)+5)*cos(2*t): x-coordinate of the curve (can be modified to plot a different curve)
y(t):=1/6*(cos(3*t)+5)*sin(2*t): y-coordinate of the curve (can be modified to plot a different curve)
z(t):=1/6*sin(3*t): z-coordinate of the curve (can be modified to plot a different curve)
Length:=3.5*Pi: the (approximate) total length of the curve (can be modified to plot a longer curve)
n:=100: the number of frames of the animated motion (can be modified)
Note: it is not necessary to give the curve parametrized by arc length, that is, such that it evolves with constant velocity.
The algorithm below is trying to create frames of the motion which simulate movement with constant velocity
by increasing the parameter "t" in such steps that the steps of the arc length approximately equal "Length/n".
Since this is achieved only approximately, the specified value of "Length" will only be the approximate total length of the curve.
c(t):=<x(t),y(t),z(t)>: the curve as function in t with values in R^3
dx(t):=diff(x(t),t): dy(t):=diff(y(t),t): dz(t):=diff(z(t),t): the derivatives with respect to "t"
dc(t):=<dx(t),dy(t),dz(t)>: the tangent vector to the curve at time "t"
v(t):=simplify(sqrt(dx(t)^2+dy(t)^2+dz(t)^2)): the velocity; it is equal to the length of the tangent vector "dc(t)"
T(t):=simplify(dc(t)/v(t)): the tangent unit vector which is normalized to length 1
ddx(t):=diff(x(t),[t$2]): ddy(t):=diff(y(t),[t$2]): ddz(t):=diff(z(t),[t$2]): ddc(t):=<ddx(t),ddy(t),ddz(t)>: the second derivatives with respect to "t"
dc_times_ddc(t):=dc(t)&x ddc(t): the cross product vector
l(t):=sqrt(DotProduct(dc_times_ddc(t),dc_times_ddc(t),conjugate=false)): the length of this cross product vector
B(t):=simplify(dc_times_ddc(t)/l(t)): the binormal unit vector at time "t"
N(t):=simplify(B(t)&x T(t)): the normal unit vector
kappa(t):=simplify(l(t)/v(t)^3): the curvature at time "t"
K(t):=simplify(kappa(t)*N(t)): the acceleration vector (the second derivative of the curve with respect to the arc length)
dddx(t):=diff(x(t),[t$3]): dddy(t):=diff(y(t),[t$3]): dddz(t):=diff(z(t),[t$3]): dddc(t):=<dddx(t),dddy(t),dddz(t)>: the third derivatives with respect to "t"
tau(t):=DotProduct(dc_times_ddc(t),dddc(t),conjugate=false)/l(t)^2: the torsion at time "t"
The algorithm to plot "n" frames containing the curve, its various vectors, the curvature and the torsion function:
t[-1]:=0: Deltat[-1]:=0: initial values
for i from 0 to n do creates the i-th frame
t[i]:=evalf(t[i-1]+Deltat[i-1]): increases the parameter "t" by step "Delta[i-1]"
RedCurve[i]:=spacecurve([x(t),y(t),z(t)],t=0..t[i],thickness=5,color=red): plots the red curve in the i-th frame
BlackCurve[i]:=spacecurve([x(t),y(t),z(t)],t=0..Length,thickness=1,color=black): plots the black curve in the i-th frame
Tangentvector[i]:=arrow(evalf(eval(c(t),t=t[i])),evalf(eval(T(t),t=t[i])),.1,.2,.1,cylindrical_arrow,colour=RGB(1,165/255,0)): computes its tangent unit vector in the i-th frame
Normalvector[i]:=arrow(evalf(eval(c(t),t=t[i])),evalf(eval(N(t),t=t[i])),.1,.2,.1, cylindrical_arrow,colour=RGB(0,128/255,0)): computes the normal unit vector in the i-th frame
Binormalvector[i]:=arrow(evalf(eval(c(t),t=t[i])),evalf(eval(B(t),t=t[i])),.1,.2,.1, cylindrical_arrow,colour=blue): computes the binormal unit vector in the i-th frame
Curvature[i]:=evalf(eval(kappa(t),t=t[i])): computes the curvature in the i-th frame
Curvaturefunction[i]:=display(plot(kappa(t),t=0..t[i],color="Green", thickness=2),labels=[t,Curvature]): plots the curvature function in the i-th frame
Torsion[i]:=evalf(eval(tau(t),t=t[i])): computes the torsion in the i-th frame
Torsionfunction[i]:=display(plot(tau(t),t=0..t[i],color=blue, thickness=2),labels=[t,Torsion]): plots the torsion function in the i-th frame
Accelerationvector[i]:=arrow(evalf(eval(c(t),t=t[i])),evalf(eval(K(t),t=t[i])),.03,.1,.1,colour=blue): computes the "acceleration vector" in the i-th frame
Curve[i]:=display3d((RedCurve[i]), title=Name,titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14]): plots the curve in the i-th frame
CurveWithT[i]:=display3d((Tangentvector[i],Curve[i]), title=cat(Name," mit Tangentialvektor"),titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14]): plots the curve with tangent unit vector in the i-th frame
CurveWithTandN[i]:=display3d((Tangentvector[i],Normalvector[i],Curve[i]), title=cat(Name," mit Tangentialvektor (braun) und Normalenvektor (gr\303\274n)"),titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14]): plots the curve with tangent unit vector and normal unit vector in the i-th frame
CurveWithTNandB[i]:=display3d((Tangentvector[i],Binormalvector[i],Normalvector[i],Curve[i]), title=cat(Name," mit Tangentialvektor (braun), Normalenvektor (gr\303\274n) und Binormalenvektor (blau)"),titlefont=[TIMES,BOLD,14],scaling=constrained): plots the curve with tangent unit vector, normal unit vector and binormal vector in the i-th frame
Deltat[i]:=evalf(eval(Length/(n*v(t)),t=t[i])): the increment of the parameter "t" such that the arc length approximately increases by "Length / n"
end do: Now all frames are created . . .
. . . and they are put together to movies:
display3d(seq(Curve[i],i=0..n),insequence=true,labels=[x,y,z],scaling=constrained); plots the curve evolving in time
display3d(seq(CurveWithT[i],i=0..n),insequence=true,labels=[x,y,z],scaling=constrained); plots the curve with tangent unit vector
display3d(seq(CurveWithTandN[i],i=0..n),insequence=true,labels=[x,y,z],scaling=constrained); plots the curve with tangent unit vector and normal unit vector
display3d(seq(CurveWithTNandB[i],i=0..n),insequence=true,labels=[x,y,z],scaling=constrained); plots the curve with tangent unit vector, normal unit vector and binormal vector
display3d(Array(1..2,1..1,[[display((seq(display(CurveWithTNandB[i],labels=[x,y,z],scaling=constrained),i=0..n)),insequence=true)],[display((seq(display(Curvaturefunction[i],Torsionfunction[i]),i=0..n)),labelfont=[TIMES,BOLD,14],labels=[" ","Kr\303\274mmung\134n (gr\303\274n)\134n\134n Torsion\134n (blau)"],insequence=true)]])); plots the curve with tangent unit vector, normal unit vector and acceleration vector, and in a separate box the graph of the curvature functionLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=CopyrightUrs Hartl 2012This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en). You are free: to share \342\200\223 to copy, distribute and transmit the work to remix \342\200\223 to adapt the work Under the following conditions: attribution \342\200\223 You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). share alike \342\200\223 If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.JSFH